国务院


国务院关于纺织品进出口若干问题的规定(附英文)

1985年1月8日，国务院

规定
根据中央、国务院关于经济体制改革的精神，现对纺织品进出口若干问题作如下规定。
一、出口纺织品，要积极搞工贸结合，结合的形式可以多种多样，“青纺联”是一种形式，企业也可以采取其它自由联合形式。今后，沿海开放城市、计划单列的城市，成立各种形式的纺织品工贸结合公司和直接对外的联合体、生产企业，一律由所在市的经贸部门会同纺织工业部门审查后，报市人民政府审批，并报省、自治区人民政府和经贸部、纺织部备案。
二、关于纺织品的出口计划、收汇任务和出口配额、进出口许可证额度的分配：
（一）必须贯彻既要考虑历史状况，又要考虑鼓励先进、有利竞争、择优出口和促进联合的原则，由经贸部会同纺织部拟订具体分配方案，由经贸部下达给各省（自治区、直辖市）、计划单列城市的人民政府和有出口任务的总公司，不再由纺织品进出口总公司按条条下达。
（二）各地经贸部门要会同纺织部门按照上述原则拟订本地区的具体分配方案，报同级人民政府批准后，由经贸厅（委、局）下达给承担国家出口任务的纺织品进出口分公司、工贸结合公司、纺织工业公司和有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业。
（三）在执行过程中，经贸部门要加强管理。严禁倒卖配额和进出口许可证，违者要严肃处理。
（四）协定国家贸易由进出口总公司统一组织有关外贸分公司、工贸结合公司和生产企业对外谈判成交。
三、扩大纺织品出口，提高产品质量，关键在于调动生产企业的积极性，把权真正放给他们，使生产企业提高对国际市场的灵敏度和清晰度，提高竞争能力。同时要充分发挥外贸分公司、口岸公司、工贸结合公司的作用。纺织品进出口总公司，今后主要应搞好信息、咨询等服务工作，也可以直接经营一部分进出口业务。
经过批准有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，在出口配额、许可证和进出口经营权等方面，享有与纺织品进出口公司同等的待遇，有权出口本公司经营范围内的全部商品（包括经营两纱两布，但要执行国务院统一规定），进口本公司生产需要的各种原材料（不包括涤纶、腈纶类原料，但为了发展品种、保证质量以及生产急需，经纺织部、经贸部批准，可自行组织少量进口）、染化料、辅料，以及代理出口经营范围内的商品。有条件的公司和企业。按国家规定经过批准，可以派员出国或在国外设立办事机构，进行调查研究和推销产品。
凡实行外贸代理的纺织品，其出口配额和许可证应随任务下达给生产企业。生产企业有权自选代理单位，并可参加对外谈判。代理单位负责签订合同，同时要搞好服务、咨询，按规定收取手续费。
今后国家对有外贸经营权的工贸结合公司和生产企业，主要考核出口收汇任务的完成情况，并统计创汇水平、换汇成本，以便择优安排。
四、改变现行的由国家统负盈亏的“大锅饭”的财务体制，各类工贸结合的公司、生产出口纺织品的企业，实行进口原料按国际价格水平结算原则，进口时照章缴纳关税、产品税，产品出口后，再按年度以出口产品实际用料数量退还已缴纳的进口关税和产品税，同时退还生产环节的产品税或增值税，由其自负盈亏。
五、在纺织品出口经营放开以后，经贸部要发挥归口管理部门的作用，按国务院规定的职责，加强对内管理，贯彻统一对外的原则，并规定进口纺织原料的最高价格和出口纺织品的最低价格，及时提供国际市场的信息。各纺织品进出口公司、工贸结合公司、有对外经营权的联合体和生产企业，必须按照统一的对外政策经营。

PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THEIMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL ON SEVERAL ISSUES CONCERNING THE
IMPORT AND EXPORT OF TEXTILES
(Promulgated on January 8, 1985)
The following provisions are formulated, in accordance with the spirit of
the economic restructuring of the country, in respect of several issues
concerning the import and export of textiles.
1. In the exportation of textiles, it is advisable to combine industry
with trade; the combination may take various forms, of which the "Qingdao
Textile Unico. Ltd" is one; and enterprises may freely adopt other
combinative forms. From now on, case concerning the establishment of
various forms of textile industry and trade combination companies and
other combination complexes or production enterprises having direct links
with foreign businesses in the open coastal cities and municipalities
under separate planning shall all be handled and examined jointly by the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade and the departments of
textile industry in the cities or municipalities where the companies or
enterprises are located; the cases shall, then, be submitted to the
municipal people's government for examination and approval; and the cases
shall be further submitted to the people's government of the province or
autonomous region and to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry for record.
2. Issues concerning the export planning for textiles, foreign exchange,
earnings from exports, and the distribution of export quotas and the
issuance of import and export licences:
(1) it is necessary to implement the principle of taking into
consideration the historical conditions as well as the importance of
encouraging the advanced, facilitating competition, selecting quality
products for export, and promoting combination; a specific distribution
plan shall be worked out jointly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic
Relations and Trade and the Ministry of Textile Industry, and shall be
transmitted directly by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and
Trade to the people's governments of various provinces (and/or autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government),
municipalities under separate planning, and the national corporations
undertaking export tasks; the distribution plan shall no longer, be
transmitted according to the subordinating relationship by the National
Textile Import and Export Corporation.
(2) the departments of foreign economic relations and trade in various
regions shall, jointly with the departments of textile industry, work out
the local specific distribution plan in accordance with the aforesaid
principle, and then submit it to the people's government at the same level
for approval, which shall then be transmitted through the office (or
commission, bureau) of foreign economic relations and trade to various
branch offices of the textile import and export corporations, the industry
and trade combination companies, textile industry companies that undertake
export tasks assigned by the state, and combination complexes and
production enterprises vested with the external operating rights.
(3) in the course of implementation, the department of foreign economic
relations and trade shall strengthen administration. The racketeering in
export quotas and import and export licences shall be strictly banned; and
the offender shall be dealt with seriously.
(4) trade conducted between countries at the state level in accordance
with relevant agreements shall be carried out by the national import and
export corporations by organizing the relevant branch offices of foreign
trade corporations, industry and trade combination companies, and
production enterprises in holding business negotiations with foreign
businesses and concluding relevant transactions.
3. The key to expanding the export of textiles and bettering the quality
of products lies in bringing into play the initiative of production
enterprises and in actually devolving the power to them, so that the
production enterprises may sharpen their sensitivity towards and clarity
about the international market, thereby heightening their competitiveness.
At the same time, it is essential to bring into full play the role of
various branch offices of foreign trade corporations, of various companies
situated at ports, and of various industry and trade combination
companies. From now on, the National Textile Import and Export Corporation
shall devote its attention to doing a better job in providing information
and consultancy services; it may also handle directly a portion of the
import and export business operations.
The industry and trade combination companies and production enterprises,
which have obtained, with approval, the right to operate in foreign trade,
shall enjoy the same treatment as the textile import and export
corporations in such aspects as export quota, import and export licence,
and the right to handle import and export business; and shall also have
the right to export all commodities within the scope of business
operations of their own companies (including the right to export the two
kinds of yarns and the two kinds of cloth, but they must carry on the
unified provisions formulated by the State Council), and the right to
import various kinds of raw materials required by their companies in
production (not including such kinds of raw materials as terylene and poly
acrylonitrile fibre; however, in order to develop new varieties of
commodities, to guarantee the quality of products, and to meet the urgent
needs of production, they may, with the approval of the Ministry of
Textile Industry and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade,
import a small quantity of such raw materials), as well as dyestuffs,
chemical and auxiliary materials, and the right to act as an agent for the
exportation of the commodities within their scope of business operations.
Those companies and enterprises with the necessary qualifications may,
after obtaining the approval in accordance with the provisions of the
state, accredit representatives abroad or establish business offices there
to conduct studies and investigations and to promote the sale of their
products.
With respect to textiles under the scheme of agency in foreign trade, the
export quota and the export licence shall be issued, along with the
production task, to the production enterprises. The production enterprises
shall have the right to select their agents by themselves and may take
part in business negotiations with foreign firms. The agents shall be
responsible for concluding contract, and, at the same time, offer
satisfactory services and consultancy, and collect service charges
according to the stipulations. From now on, with respect to those industry
and trade combination companies and production enterprises that are vested
with the right to operate in foreign trade, the state will mainly evaluate
their fulfillment of the task of foreign exchange earnings from exports,
and make statistics concerning the level of foreign exchange earnings and
the costs in terms of foreign exchange, in order to select from among them
the more successful companies and enterprises for future arrangement.
4. With a view to changing the existing financial structure, that is
"everybody eating from the common pot", under which the state takes the
sole responsibility for gains and losses, various types of industry and
trade combination companies and enterprises that manufacture textile goods
for export shall follow the principle of settling the accounts for
imported raw materials in accordance with the international price level,
and pay the Customs duties and the product tax according to the
regulations when they are imported; then, after the products are exported,
the portion of import Customs duties and the product tax already paid
shall be refunded annually on the basis of the actual quantity of raw
materials used in the exported products, and, at the same time, the
product tax or the value added tax in the process of production shall also
be refunded; by so doing they shall take the sole responsibility for gains
and losses themselves.
5. After liberalizing the business operations in the export of textiles,
the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall play the role
of overall administration of foreign economic relations and trade of the
country: strengthening the administration at home in accordance with its
competence and duty prescribed by the State Council, setting ceiling
prices for the imported raw materials used in the production of textiles
and floor prices for the export textiles, and providing promptly
information concerning the international market. All the textile import
and export corporations, industry and trade combination companies,
combination complexes and production enterprises vested with the external
operating rights, shall conduct their business operations in accordance
with the unified policies governing China's foreign economic relations and
trade.


浅析执行难的原因及对策

扈亭河

当前，执行案件中存在部分案件不能执结的问题。不能执行完结的原因很多，有案件是因为被执行人的确没有执行能力、无法找到被执行人采取强制措施，存在一批“难案”、“硬案”和“骨头案”等客观方面的原因，也有的案件是因为行政干预过多、执行力度不大等原因造成的。这就是人们通常所说的“执行难”，“执行难”的存在影响了法院的威信，损害了法律的威严。
一、执行难存在的原因
（一）执法环境差。
1、一些被执行人的法律意识不强。一些被执行人对生效判决确定的义务不自觉地履行或抗拒执行，主要表现在不积极主动向法院提供财产情况，故意逃避执行，造成被执行人难找、被执行财产难查，增加了执行工作的难度。
2、有关方面不积极配合。出于多种原因，银行、房管、社保等部门和单位对法院的协助执行通知经常出现不积极配合的现象。价格鉴定、评估、拍卖等社会中介组织对法院委托的价格鉴定、评估、拍卖事宜有的不依法进行，有的甚至弄虚作假。
3、行政干预的存在一定程度上影响了执行工作的正常开展。当前，随着普法宣传力度的加大，行政机关领导干部的法律意识不断提高，干预案件执行的现象大大减少。但是，应当看到现在干预案件的现象并未完全消除，严重影响执行工作的正常开展。
4、地方保护主义的存在是“执行难”存在的“顽疾”。在很多地方存在严重的地方保护主义，为保护当地当事人的利益，不惜干扰人民法院正常司法工作的开展，表现在阻挠执行、抗拒执法、不协助执行、为当地的当事人通风报信等。
5、执行力量不足、办案经费短缺、装备落后，已不能适应新形势下执行工作的需要。?
6、法律法规的不完善也给法院执行工作增加了一定的难度。执行工作目前主要依靠民诉法和最高人民法院关于执行工作的规定来开展工作，缺乏具体明确的操作规范，没有制定出《强制执行法》等比较切实可行的法律、法规，使执行人员无法采取行之有效的执行措施。
（二）执行工作力度还不够。
1、一些案件在法院立案后没有在3日内向被执行人发出执行通知书；有的案件的被执行人本来具备履行能力，由于法院没有依法采取积极有效的措施，错过了执行的有利时机，导致一部分案件久拖不执。
2、部分案件没有采取强有力的执行措施。一些案件中止、终结执行缺乏相应的证据佐证，以“被执行人确无财产可供执行”为由裁定中止或终结执行，无任何事实依据，也容易导致执法的随意性。
3、对一些被执行人或其他人拒不履行生效法律文书，甚至擅自处分已被法院查封、扣押、 冻结财产等妨害执行行为的，法院没有采取相应的强制措施。
（三）法院裁判案件时制作的法律文书不明确等原因。
法律文书出现问题，导致司法实践中案件出现“执行难”的现象还位数不少，常常有执行员抱怨“根本没法执行”，就是这种情况，这是法院自己给自己带来的“绊脚石”。在司法实践中，审判与执行严重脱节、审理不兼顾执行将造成执行困难。比如在立案和审判阶段采取保全措施不力，需要先予执行的或者需要采取查封、扣押、冻结措施的，没有及时采取，结果坐失执行良机。
二、解决“执行难”的对策?
从根本上解决“执行难”是一项长期而艰巨的任务，涉及到立法、司法体制改革、社会信用意识的提高等诸多方面，同时也有赖于普法宣传的深入和公民法律意识的增强。?
（一）进一步加大执行工作力度，着力解决“执行难”的问题。
执行工作是人民法院工作的重要组成部分，是实现人民法院审判职能的重要环节，也是当事人合法权益得以保护的最终体现。如果生效裁判文书得不到执行，司法公正得不到真正体现，当事人的合法权益不能受到切实保护，法律也就失去了应有的价值。而执行力度的大小，不仅关系到当事人合法权益的实现，也关系到“执行难”问题的有效解决。要通过加大执行力度，体现生效法律文书的权威和执行工作的权威，努力把法律文书的要求落到实处。首先要提高办事效率。对进入执行程序的案件，要及时向被执行人送达执行通知书，以当申请人举证和人民法院依职权调查取证相结合的方式多渠道、多方式了解被执行人的财产状况。其次，对有履行能力而不主动履行的被执行人，要坚决采取搜查、查封、扣押、 冻结、划拨、变卖、拍卖被执行人的财产等执行措施；对一些被执行人员或其他人拒不履行生效法律文书或妨害执行行为的要及时依法采取相应的强制措施，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。第三，要敢于坚持原则，对法律负责。对于来自各方面的干预要尽可能地向他们说明事实和法律依据，求得他们的理解和配合；对于非法干预的要坚决抵制，严格依法办事。
（二）加大执行改革力度，采取灵活多样的执行方式。
在高级法院辖区内采取委托执行、异地执行、交叉执行、提级执行和统一执行相结合的多管齐下的办法对解决“执行难”问题效果更好。异地执行方式的优点是执行法院与被执行人所在地或被执行财产所在地人际关系少，受“地缘”、“人缘”关系影响较小，执行力度较大。它一般适用于执行法院与执行地点相距不太远、被执行人有便于执行的财产的案件。交叉执行就是在高级法院的统一协调指挥下，本辖区内不同地区的法院相互交叉，甲地的案件由乙地法院执行；乙地的案件由甲地或丙地法院执行。所谓提级执行，就是将本来应由下级法院执行的案件提到上一级法院执行。地方保护主义、执行中的种种阻力、“地缘”、“人缘”关系等等，都是越往下越严重，上级法院跳出了下级法院所在的那个“小圈子”，级别高，影响力大，突破了原来的种种关系，执行起来阻力相对小一些。所谓统一执行，是指对一些有特殊阻力、影响较大的案件，由高级法院调集辖区内的执行人员和装备，统一指挥，统一执行。
（三）坚持学习与培训相结合，进一步提高执行队伍整体素质。
执法者自身素质的高低直接影响到执法活动的质量。因此，抓好执行工作必须从提升执行人员的整体素质入手，努力建设一支政治坚定、业务精通、作风过硬、纪律严明、公正清廉、训练有素的执行队伍。要摒弃“重实体轻程序，重结果轻过程”的错误认识，树立违反程序法也是违法的观念。在执行过程中严格依照法定程序开展工作，以程序合法确保实体公正。首先，要进一步提高执行人员的思想政治素质。使他们树立起大局意识、政治意识，从思想上明确“执法为民”的司法理念，并把其作为衡量执行工作的标准和评价执行工作好坏的基本价值取向。执行人员必须为人民掌好权、用好权，依法公正、高效地执行案件。其次要强化对执行人员的教育培训，提高他们的执行水平和办案能力。第三，强化内部监督。对那些违法违纪的干警要依照有关规定严肃处理，起到处理一个，警示一片的警示教育作用。
（四）进一步加大法律宣传普及力度，提高全民法律意识。
加大法院宣传工作力度，要通过各种形式宣传人民法院的执行工作。充分利用新闻媒体，通过一些典型案例，以案说法，在全社会形成生效法律文书必须履行的社会氛围。对那些拒不执行生效法律文书的被执行人在依法采取执行措施的同时在新闻媒体上曝光，起到警示教育他人和提高社会诚信的作用。
（作者单位：山东省垦利县人民法院）